Marketing Plan Basics - 9903 Words

The Marketing Plan is a highly detailed, heavily researched and, hopefully, well written report that many inside and possibly outside the organization will evaluate. It is an essential document for both large corporate marketing departments and for startup companies. Essentially the Marketing Plan: • forces the marketing personnel to look internally in order to fully understand the results of past marketing decisions. • forces the marketing personnel to look externally in order to fully understand the market in which they operate. • sets future goals and provides direction for future marketing efforts that everyone within the organization should understand and support. • is a key component in obtaining funding to pursue new†¦show more content†¦The mission statement consists of a short, finely-honed paragraph that considers the following issues: • Identifies a stable (i.e., not dramatically changing every year), long-run vision of the organization that can answer such questions as: o Why is the company in business? o What markets do we serve and why do we serve these markets? o In general terms, what are the main benefits we offer our customers? #61607; e.g., a low price software provider may state they offer practical and highly affordable business solutions o What does this company want to be known for? o What is the company out to prove to the industry, customers, partners, employees, etc.? o What is the general corporate philosophy for doing business? o What products/services does the company offer? • In developing the vision presented in the mission statement consider: o Company History #61607; How company started and major events of the company, products, markets served, etc. o Resources and Competencies #61607; Consider what the company currently possesses by answering the following: #61607; What are we good at? #61607; What is special about us compared to current and future competitors (in general terms do not need to mention names)? #61607; What do we do that gives us a competitive advantage? #61607;Show MoreRelatedMarketing Plan Basics Essay2905 Words   |  12 PagesMarketing Plan Basics Advertising and promotions is bringing a service to the attention of potential and current customers. Advertising and promotions are best carried out by implementing an advertising and promotions plan. The goals of the plan should depend very much on the overall goals and strategies of the organization, and the results of the marketing analysis, including the positioning statement. The plan usually includes what target markets you want to reach, what features andRead MoreA Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe governmental legal requirements and, on the other hand, defines the organization’s policy administration. For a triumphant marketing plan, understanding the government legal approaches allows for efficient operation and inter-relationship with other organization. Similarly, internal legal policies allow the company to uphold its operation in a set manner. 4.0: Marketing Audit A market audit process is a tool that can never be neglected despite the situation. However, very few companies carryRead MoreMarketing Plan: Phase 11621 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Plan: Phase l This marketing plan will give an overview of the existing organization and describe a new product or service. An explanation of the importance of marketing for the selected organization’s success will be addressed. A SWOTT analysis on the new product or service will be written. In addition, the marketing research approach used to develop the marketing strategy and tactics for this new product or service will be stated (University of Phoenix, 2011). Existing organizationRead MoreBasic Aspect of International Marketing1574 Words   |  7 PagesBasic aspects of International Marketing There are three basic aspects of International marketing are as follows:- * The new product development process * Demand management * Sales marketing process (1) The new product development process can be defined as follows:-   This process characterizes itself as integration between Marketing, Ramp;D/Engineering and Manufacturing. Besides, several operating levels are active within the new product development process.   The steps shownRead MoreNotes on Importance of Planning for Business Success1060 Words   |  5 PagesQUESTION: You have been invited to an interview for a marketing manager position in a fast moving consumer goods firm. As part of the interview process you have been asked to develop a brief presentation on five importance of planning for business success. Specially, you are also to briefly explain the factors to be considered in the preparation for developing a marketing plan. Prepare your notes for the interview. A marketing plan is a written document that summarizes what the marketer hasRead MoreUsing Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary1124 Words   |  5 PagesUsing Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary Brenda Salima MKT/421 – Marketing February 27, 2012 Maureen Murphy Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary The situation that is being explained in the simulation states of the declining sales of Thorr Motorcycles’s product, the CruiserThorr, because of its previous customers that are aging and no longer interested in what the product stands for. Another factor for the decline includes their youngerRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Marketing Planning Procedures1303 Words   |  6 Pages The SWOT Analysis and its Importance in Marketing Planning    Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to run a thriving business, you must be very knowledgeable about your customers, operation, competitors and the environment.  When it comes to market planning  many important factors must be taken into consideration. According to the business dictionary market planning is the procedure of examining one or more of prospective marketplacesRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of Green Power Products Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagesutilised by providing Solar dishes to majority of shopkeepers and other businesses on instalment plan. Not only it will help in pushing the Green power products in the market rather it will act as marketing strategy. To: Peter.m@greenpower.com Peter Matthews (CEO of Green Power) From: Handa@greenpower.comSukhvinder S Handa (Supervisor) Dear Sir, I am writing this in regards to redesigning the marketing strategies of Green Power. As our power products, such as, Green Bike and Green Light are solelyRead MoreThe Project Overview And Its Requirement1684 Words   |  7 Pagesadditional, the donated money doesn’t go to the player account but go to the sport clubs’ account for their activities such as raising their charitable foundation, developing young player talent program, and supporting for the injured players. After the basic idea is sport fund raising, eTip can be used for further purposes such as tipping the workers, companies, and friends through their good services as its convenience when the users can tip someone at any time and any location with their electronic devicesRead MoreMarketing Mix Of Coconut Bliss1217 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizational cultures, business organizations organize their business goals. Small and successful companies such as Coconut Bliss have achieved organizational goals by usin g 7P marketing mix in their marketing planning process. Other organizations such as US Ice Marsh Ice Cream, which are contemporary with Coconut Bliss, use the Marketing Partitioning Process to achieve their organizational goals. Marshfield continued the following ice-cream market segmentation process like initially; they define the organization

Blaise Pascal, A 17Th Century Philosopher Known For His

Blaise Pascal, a 17th century philosopher known for his work Pensà ©es, or The Thoughts, serves as a voice of human limitation. Throughout his aphorisms, he clearly expresses the limitations of man as he refers to man’s â€Å"inconstancy, boredom, [and] anxiety† and claims that man should â€Å"know [his] nothingness† (Pascal 33, 28) Pascal holds a pessimistic view towards man’s position in the world and ultimately deems man to be â€Å"utter(ly) worthless† (Pascal vii). Pascal’s disappointment towards the limitations of mankind ultimately causes him to contradict the beliefs of Descartes who strives to find â€Å"just one thing, however slight, that is certain and unshaken† in order to distinguish true from false with absolute certainty by identifying a firm,†¦show more content†¦Infinitely far from grasping the extremes, the end of things and their beginning are for him invincibly hidden in an impenetrable secret; and he is equally incapable of seeing the nothingness out of which he is drawn, and the infinite in which he is swallowed up. (Pascal 5) Pascal views the human condition through a substantially dark, pessimistic perspective. He believes man holds an incredibly insubstantial position in the world, for he is â€Å"limited in all respects† and merely occupies a sort of mid-position between nothing and everything (Pascal 7). Man lives a short life that stands as a mid-point between the eternity that precedes him and the eternity that will follow him. Man has no way of knowing for certain what came before him or what will come after him; after all, how could such a small, fragile, perishable, and limited thing have any certain knowledge of anything vast, imperishable, and unlimited? The nature of man is to be nothing more than a part of a whole, and â€Å"if man studied himself, he would see how incapable he is of going beyond himself† (Pascal 8). Man, according to Pascal, refuses to accept his puniness and limitations. We refuse to accept that our very nature is minuscule and limited in the grand scheme of e ternity. â€Å"Is not the duration of our life still infinitesimal within eternity, even if ten years be added to it?† (Pascal 8). Unlike the infinite, we are finite, perishableShow MoreRelatedDescartes, Hobbes, and Pascal Essay examples1033 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes, Hobbes, and Pascal During the 17th and 18th century, religion, religious beliefs and most of all the religious leaders played a very influential role in the direction of politics. This was also a time when religion and politics played a large role in the direction of what was accepted as a result of the new discoveries in the natural sciences and in a time when there were some very influential writers, philosophers, scientists and mathematicians. At the time, these people wereRead MoreReligion, Philosophy, and Scientific Thinking Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesseventeenth century, many philosophers formulated new ideas that would consequently change the beliefs of the common man. The thinkers of the Renaissance Period have the way 17th Century man to the current world. In short, the world viewed religion, philosophy, and science in a very different way by the end of the seventeenth century because of these great philosophers. In the early 1600s Blaise Pascal, originally from Clermont, played a dominant two areas of advanced thinking. His mathematicalRead MoreNotes On Blaise Pascal s Theory Of The Classical Problem Of Modern Economics, Social Science, And Pascal2312 Words   |  10 PagesBlaise Pascal was born on June 19, 1623, in Clermont-Ferrand, France to Etienne and Antoinette Pascal. He was the only son having two sisters, Jacqueline and Gilberte. Blaise Pascal was a person of many hats as he had different traits and talents that he acquired. Not only was he an important mathematician, but also a philosopher, physicist, inventor, scientist, and theological writer. Pascal made numerous contributions to a wide variety of studies that are still appreciated today including a powerfulRead MoreSimilarities Between Galen, Paracelsus, Spinoza, And The Modern Medical World917 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 16 Assignment #2 16.3 - 16.6 VOCABULARY: Galen, Cavendish, Paracelsus, Vesalius, Descartes, Scientific Method, Bacon, Spinoza, Pascal 1. Galen. Galen was a physician of Greek descent and was well known for his influences on the medieval medical world. Galen mainly did experiments on animals rather than humans which caused his humanistic generations to be inaccurate. Galen was able to take color of a patient’s urine to be able to tell what was wrong with him/her. 2. Cavendish. Margaret CavendishRead MoreBriefly Explain What Is Meant by the â€Å"Scientific Revolution† That Took Place in Seventeenth Century Europe, and How It Marked a Departure from Ancient and Medieval Philosophy.1603 Words   |  7 PagesHIS-101 WESTERN CIVILIZATION I Briefly explain what is meant by the â€Å"scientific revolution† that took place in seventeenth century Europe, and how it marked a departure from ancient and medieval philosophy. The term  Scientific Revolution  refers to a period in the  17th century  when the intellects of Europe had a revolution. This was an illustrious time for science and the initiation of modern science. During that period famous people such as Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and  Isaac Newton  allRead MoreWhat A Strange Genre Of Painting Still Life1039 Words   |  5 Pagesoriginally,† - Blaise Pascal (famous French mathematician, writer and philosopher). Indeed, though at the first sight some still lives may not seem to convey great ideas to the viewers, nevertheless these paintings tend to conceal deep meanings within. Often, only the discerning eye of an artist can see the hidden essence of some objects in space. Still life painting, as a distinct and independent genre of art, only began to exist in Northern Europe (Holland, Germany,) in the 16th century since, duringRead More Pierre De Fermat Essay873 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough his life. Pierre de Fermat, like many mathematicians of the early 17th century, found solutions to the four major problems that created a form of math called calculus. Before Sir Isaac Newton was even born, Fermat found a method for finding the tangent to a curve. He tried different ways in math to improve the system. This was his occupation. Mr. Fermat was a good scholar, and amused himself by restoring the work of Apollonius on plane loci. Mr. Fermat published only a few papers in his lifetimeRead More Age of Enlightenment Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pages The 18th century is referred to as the ‘Age of Enlightenment’. The trends in thought and letters from Europe to the American colonies brought a new light and attention upon mankind. This new movemen t described a time in Western philosophy and cultural life in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. ‘To understand the natural world and humankinds place in it solely on the basis of reason and without turning to religious belief was the goal of the wide-rangingRead More The History of Math Essay4790 Words   |  20 Pagesproperties may be deduced. In the past, mathematics was regarded as the science of quantity, whether of magnitudes, as in geometry, or of numbers, as in arithmetic, or of the generalization of these two fields, as in algebra. Toward the middle of the 19th century, however, mathematics came to be regarded increasingly as the science of relations, or as the science that draws necessary conclusions. This latter view encompasses mathematical or symbolic logic, the science of using symbols to provide an exact theoryRead More Meteorology: From Myth to Measurement Essay1951 Words   |  8 Pagesearliest book of the biblica l collection, after Job suffers and returns to God, he learns: Great things doeth God, which we cannot comprehend. For he saith to the snow, fall thou on the earth; likewise to the shower of rain, and to the showers of His mighty rain. Out of the chamber of the south cometh the storm; and cold out of the north. By the breath of God, ice is given and the breadth of the waters is congealed (11). Ancient beliefs were if God said it, so it was. Today’s Bible has little

The Negative Effects of Violence on TV Essay Free Essays

The sum of force on telecasting presents is inacceptable. The stuff that you see on shows that are â€Å"supposedly for kids† merely don’t seem like it. As more and more violent telecasting shows and plans are aired every individual dark. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Violence on TV Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now childs are affected by it in a negative manner. Surveies have shown that disclosures of force to childs at early ages will impact them mentally. They will either get down to believe nil of force. or be over-frightened because of what he/she may hold seen on Television. The Television channels should non be allowed to expose this sort of stuff and force to childs at such early ages. because of the aftereffects it will hold on the adolescents and kids. First of all. there is manner excessively much force on telecasting whether it is on some premier clip channel. or even a Saturday forenoon sketch plan. For some premier clip Television shows. there are three to five hours violent Acts of the Apostless per hr. For every Saturday plan for childs. there are about twenty to 25 violent Acts of the Apostless per hr. ( Frazier ) This shows how much force there is on â€Å"children shows† . In a sample for the National Television Violence Study. it was found that around 60 per centum of ten-thousand telecasting plans contained violent stuff. ( Kunkel ) That is a batch! That survey â€Å"identified an norm of 6. 000 violent interactions in a individual hebdomad of programming across the 23 channels that were examined. including both broadcast and overseas telegram webs. More than half of the violent shows ( 53 % ) contained deadly Acts of the Apostless. and one in four of the plans with force ( 25 % ) depicted the usage of a gun. ( Kunkel ) That means that the bulk of telecasting shows. whether for kids or non. will hold force on that plan more than half the time. ) Statisticss besides showed that the mean plan for kids more frequently contained more force so the mean Adult Television. Even in some â€Å"G† rated films. there is force. That is excessively unhealthy particularly because of the effects it causes. Now. if you put that stat along with how much kids watch Television daily. â€Å"An mean American kid tickers telecasting 21-23 hours per hebdomad. ( Frazier ) That means per hebdomad. 60 per centum of those 20s or so hours will hold something violent that will hold a negative consequence on the kids. Besides. harmonizing to the American Psychiatric Association in 1996. striplings will hold viewed 10. 000 fake slayings and 200. 000 Acts of the Apostless of force by the age of 18. ( Frazier ) Besides repeated exposure to force from telecasting is unhealthy for the child’s character. With childs being around force while watching â€Å"kid’s shows† . â€Å"the child becomes less sensitive towards its effects on victims and the human enduring it causes. ( Boyse ) Research has proven in the past old ages that the force on telecastings so has a negative consequence on kids. Research from the National Institute of Mental Health in 1982. force is said to take to aggressive behaviour by kids and adolescents. Even before this. one of the most well-known surveies done in 1963 by Bandura proved that force has a important consequence on the people that view it. â€Å"He had a group of kids view a Television picture of a theoretical account who kicked and punished an hyperbolic plastic doll. After the screening. the kids were placed in a rumpus room with other kids who had non seen the picture. Those that saw the picture displayed significantly more aggressive behaviour than those who didn’t. † Other surveies showed that childs who saw violent sketchs had a high opportunity to non portion their playthings with others. Another survey made in 1972 with Liebert and Baron. confirmed the findings of Bandura. â€Å"This survey investigated children’s willingness to ache other kids after sing aggressive Television plans. Two groups of kids watched a different Television plan. one of which had aggressive content and one of which was impersonal. Those who saw the aggressive plan ( The Untouchables ) were found to be more willing to ache another kid after sing the plan than those who watched the impersonal plan ( a path race ) . † ( Frazier ) These harmful effects from the force portrayed on telecasting are grouped into three primary classs ; â€Å"children’s acquisition of aggressive attitudes and behaviours ; desensitisation. or an increased unfeelingness towards victims of force ; and increased or overdone fright of being victimized by force. While all of these effects reflect inauspicious results. it is the first – an increased leaning for violent behaviour – that is at the nucleus of public wellness concern about televised force. † ( Kunkel ) Back to desensitisation. â€Å"According to the article â€Å"Media Violence. † the American media shows heroes justifiably utilizing force as a agency to decide struggle. The American Academy of Pediatrics website suggests that drawn-out exposure to this type of force additions credence of force as a agency of work outing jobs. The 1995 to 1997 AAP National Television Study showed that 61 per centum of programming â€Å"portrayed interpersonal force. much of it in an entertaining or glamorized mode. † Children are drawn to such scheduling when the violent act seems phantasmagoric and the deficiency of effect attractive. † ( Adams ) He besides stated that force is both sanitised. â€Å"By sanitized. immediate hurting and agony by victims of force is included in less than half of all scenes of force. More than a 3rd of violent interactions depict unrealistically mild injury to victims. grossly minimizing the badness of hurt that would happen from such actions in the existent universe. In amount. most word pictures sanitize force by doing it look to be much less painful and less harmful than it truly is. By glamorized. I mean that force is performed by attractive function theoretical accounts who are frequently justified for moving sharply and who suffer no compunction. unfavorable judgment. or punishment for their violent behaviour. More than a 3rd of all force is committed by attractive characters. and more than two-thirds of the force they commit occurs without any marks of penalty. † ( Kunkel ) One other job kids might confront is overexposure to force. â€Å"Overexposure to force. and peculiarly realistically depicted force. may take kids to believe that the universe is chiefly a unsafe and insecure topographic point. They may get down to overrate the possibility that they will be victims of force. go forthing them with undue anxiousness and emphasis. ( Frazier ) Other than doing emotional jobs. it can do some harm to a child’s turning character or ethical motives. â€Å"Sigmund Freud believed that kids need to develop a sense of morality by the age of five or they could see troubles later in life. If a kid doesn’t learn to understand the difference between right and incorrect. she will non develop a proper apprehension of guilt or compunction. and will therefore be more likely to prose cute heedlessly in behaviours that are considered socially and morally incorrect. The article â€Å"Children. Adolescents. and Television† states that research has shown telecasting force to hold a negative consequence on the academic public presentation. gender. organic structure constructs. and self-images of immature viewing audiences. which can take to violent or aggressive behaviour and substance maltreatment. † ( Adams ) Nowadays. with all of these â€Å"reality shows† on MTV. The E Network. etc. it’s easy and normal to see force. Childs that watch â€Å"The Kardashians† and â€Å"Teen Mom† see their favourite famous persons act in a manner that is unprofessional on telecasting. but they don’t know better. They want to be merely like them. Television shows like those really use force and â€Å"incidents† to assist raise their evaluation and popularity. ( Caning ) With all of these mental effects caused from excessively much screening of force. this proves how telecasting scheduling should be more sensitive for the content made for kids. In add-on. parents should besides seek and lend in filtrating what their kids watch on telecasting. There are different stairss you can take. that can perchance let your kid to non be exposed to such force on Television shows. You can seek and watch telecasting with your childs. That manner. you’ll know what they watch. and you can command the content. ( Boyse ) Other options include previewing the content of the plan or possibly merely assigning them a shorter sum of clip to watch Television. At least that manner. there is a smaller opportunity for force in the smaller clip slot. ( Frazier ) One other good manner to maintain your child’s mind off of telecasting would be to seek and acquire them involved like other activities. Sports. reading. jobs. etc. ; anything like that. Another good thought would be to seek and speak to your childs about force in media. If you can explicate to them why force is incorrect. so you can be more alleviated and swear them. ( Boyse ) Good communicating is cardinal. If you try to convert to your kid that you are merely seeking to be concerned and caring. they’ll understand the point you are seeking to do. In decision. I believe that kids deserve better than what is presently traveling on. As their function theoretical accounts. we need to assist do their â€Å"future† safe. We need to ban all force from children’s scheduling. Television channels shouldn’t be allowed to expose inappropriate stuff and force to striplings. It causes them a batch of emotional hurting. even physical. Children are like sponges. They absorb what they hear or learn. If at an early age. they are exposed to force. killing. particularly on telecasting. where effects aren’t even addressed†¦ That’s non a healthy manner for kids to turn up. It’s best that we keep that off from the inexperienced person. How to cite The Negative Effects of Violence on TV Essay, Essay examples

Ghandi Essay Research Paper On October 2 free essay sample

Ghandi Essay, Research Paper On October 2, 1869, the? small brown saint? was brought into the universe ; during this clip India was under the British monarchy. During his early old ages he did non demo the marks of developing into the great leader that he finally became but however Gandhi aspired to be a attorney, follow in the footfalls of his male parent and go a well-thought-of member of the community. Throughout his life Gandhi fought against color bias, promoted spiritual harmoniousness and toiled laboriously to derive independency for his state. Gandhi was a great adult male who brought approximately many alterations all over the universe but particularly in India. His agencies of conveying about alteration and the consequence he had on people made him a respected and loved single. Gandhi travelled to South Africa for the first clip in the summer of 1892, to seek his fortune at a jurisprudence house. He was non cognizant of how deeply he would be involved in South African personal businesss while he proceeded on his journey. We will write a custom essay sample on Ghandi Essay Research Paper On October 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indians in South Africa suffered many disablements. For case, an Indian? had to transport a base on balls if he appeared on the streets after 9 p.m. ? ( Pg. 24 ) . Gandhi felt this was wholly unjust and by the clip he had finished his run against color bias in South Africa, ? the three lb revenue enhancement on farm indentured laborers was annulled, Hindu, Muslim and Parsi matrimonies were declared valid ; free Indians and their married womans could go on to come into the state from India? ( Pg. 47-48 ) . Gandhi achieved this position for Indians in South Africa by a method called? Satyagraha? or? inactive opposition? . This involved a non-violent agencies of declining to co-operate with the authorities? s wants, therefore coercing the authorities to run into the demands of the resistances. This method of nonco-operation earned Gandhi a great trade of regard, global acclamation and helped him well cut down legalized racism against Indians in South Africa. Gandhi was a really loyal adult male and believed that people in his state should go one in integrity, but he knew that there were obstructions that had to be overcome. One of the hardest of these obstructions was easing Muslim and Hindu tensenesss. Religious tenseness was one facet that Gandhi felt he should seek to convey to an equilibrium. He knew that the dealingss between Hindus and Muslims would find the hereafter of India. He wrote a? 6,000 word article on? Hindu-Muslim Tension. Its Cause and Cure? ? ( Pg. 36 ) . Gandhi did non experience that this was adequate and was assured of it when he heard about? Hindu-Muslim public violences ( and ) the physical snatch and transition of adult females and kids from one spiritual community by work forces of the other? ( Pg. 49 ) . The state of affairs, as Gandhi, concluded were acquiring out of manus and so he decided that he needed another agency of pass oning with his fellow adult male. He fasted, abstained from eating, ? to reform tho se who loved him. ( He said ) ? you can non fast against a autocrat for ( he ) is incapable of love hence unaccessible to a arm of love like fasting? ( Pg. 23 ) . Gandhi made up his head to fast either until decease or until reform. This was plenty to convey instantaneous consequences and shortly public violences ceased and there were hebdomads without sacredly motivated violent deaths or presentations. Gandhi? s gambit had worked. People all over the universe admired the? Mahatma? ( male parent ) and his methods of commanding a whole population by their love for him. This was one stepping rock which had been safely passed and no longer posed a menace to India. Throughout his life Gandhi ever pondered ways to break the lives of others. He put himself and his demands last be forward those of others. Gandhi knew that to break the lives of Indians populating in India he had to work towards Independence. One major event that paved the manner to accomplishing this was the civil noncompliance of the Salt Laws. The Torahs? made it punishable to possess salt non purchased from the authorities salt monopoly? ( Pg. 23 ) . Gandhi felt that? nil but organized non-violence ( could ) look into the organized force of the British authorities # 8230 ; the non-violence would be expressed through civil-disobedience # 8230 ; and change over the British people doing them see the incorrect they have done to India? ( Pg. 33 ) . Gandhi proceeded to process? 241 stat mis in 24 yearss? ( Pg. 35 ) therefore rivet the attending of all of India. When Gandhi reached the terminal of his March, he was at the seashore where there were hemorrhoids of salt, so he picked up a heap of salt as an act of rebelliousness. He was arrested but people all over the state were fascinated and intrigued and followed his illustration by besides disobeying the Salt Laws. This demonstrated to the British authorities that they were? repressing India and gave the Indians strong belief that they should raise the foreign yoke off their shoulders? ( Pg. 102 ) . This event foreshadowed the accomplishment of India deriving Independence in the August of 1947. Peoples in India now felt that they had some ground to work towards independency and others joined in the attempts to liberate the state from British regulation. Although Gandhi did take his state to Independence, his efforts in uniting Hindus and Muslims in India failed miserably. Riots ceased for a piece but restarted. He led a bad illustration by acquiring imprisoned. Some people viewed this as interrupting the jurisprudence and non altering the system. Although Gandhi may hold failed in his efforts of uniting Hindus and Muslims, he did win in accomplishing Independence for India and as a fillip Muslims in India to boot gained something, the birth of their new state, Pakistan. Gandhi? s sermon of non-violence worked on many occasions but besides resulted in the gore of 1000s of others. Peoples were so caught up in deriving Independence from the British that they forgot Gandhi? s sermons of non-violence and public violences ensued and 1000s upon 1000s of people were killed. Although many people were killed, if Gandhi hadn? T preached non-violence, a great many more people would hold lost their lives contending for Independence, alternatively 1000000s of people were saved and the terminal consequence was triumph. Gandhi was really successful in altering the ways many Hindus viewed Hinduism and he strengthened their beliefs in the faith. He changed their thoughts about the caste system and he preached peace and non-violence to Hindus all over the state. He most of all emphasized abstention, self-denial and giving. These assorted lessons made people better human existences with a better mentality on life. Mahatma ( Mohandas K. ) Gandhi was a great leader who captured the Black Marias of many all over the universe merely by the techniques he used to accomplish his aims. He was the most unselfish, hardworking and saintly character anyone of all time met until an bravo? s slug prematurely ended his life at the age of 78. He fought hard and abolished bias against Indians in South Africa, he worked towards easing spiritual tensenesss between Hindus and Muslims in India and he freed India from British regulation and gained them independency through a agencies unlike any state has of all time used, non-violence. His bequest is bravery, his lesson truth, his arm love. His life is his memorial. 313

Sub Seven Virus Essays - Trojan Horses, , Term Papers

Sub Seven Virus Imagine this, you're at home playing on the computer when suddenly your cd drive opens. You brush it off as it were nothing unusual but then a few minutes go by and out of nowhere you printer starts printing a page that says you have a virus that allows people total access your files. You begin to panic when a message window pops up and it's the person that printed that out. He tells you that the virus you have is called the subseven virus. I didn't have to hard of a time imagining that situation because it really happened to me. The guy that informed me of having the virus told me where I could download the program to access people files. So I, being the curious type downloaded and proceeded to get into people's computers. I have to admit it is pretty fun messing with people. I didn't delete anyone's files I just looked around and when I was done having a little fun with the person I told them that they had the subseven virus. The operating program was well developed. It has a lot of options some of these options include flipping the victim's screen, take control of mouse, revealing cached passwords, open cd rom drive, disable keyboard, turn monitor off, and much much more. My personal favorite option was the ability to access the c-drive and see what the person has on their computer. Subseven was discovered in May 1999. The creator calls himself ?Mobman.? Subseven is a Windows 9x Internet Backdoor trojan. When running it gives virtually unlimited access to the system over the Internet to anyone running the appropriate client program. Subseven uses a person's ip address to access the system. It installs three files onto the computer. The first being NODLL.EXE which is installed into the windows folder and is used to load the trojan server. The next file is known as BackDoor-G.srv. This one is also installed into the windows folder and is the actual trojan that receives and carries out the commands from the client program. This file is usually the first file the user gets. The next file is used by the trojan server program to watch for connections to the internet from the client software. This file is identified as BackDoor-G.dll. The Trojan also registers the file extension .dl as an executable file type that can be run by the operating system just like any .exe f ile. This allows the attacker to download files onto the victims system and run them. Because the extension is not usually associated with executable files some virus scanners will not scan these files and the victim will not suspect these files. You may be asking yourself ?How can I tell if I have the virus Well here are some indications that you've been infected. Files copied to the local system, changes to system registry, and strange or unexplained dialogue boxes on the machine with conversation or keystrokes entered without your instructing to do so. I hope my report gave you some new insight on a tricky little virus that can really mess up your computer. I have added the full list of options on the subseven program. Fun Manager ----------- 1. Open Web Browser to specified location. 2. Restart Windows. 3. Reverse Mouse buttons. 4. Hide Mouse Pointer. 5. Move Mouse. 6. Mouse Trail Config. 7. Set Volume. 8. Record Sound file from remote mic. 9. Change Windows Colors / Restore. 10. Hang up Internet Connection. 11. Change Time. 12. Change Date. 13. Change Screen resolution. 14. Hide Desktop Icons / Show 15. Hide Start Button / Show 16. Hide taskbar / Show 17. Opne CD-ROM Drive / Close 18. Beep computer Speaker / Stop 19. Turn Monitor Off / On 20. Disable CTRL+ALT+DEL / Enable 21. Turn on Scroll Lock / Off 22. Turn on Caps Locl / Off 23. Turn on Num Lock / Off Connection Manager ------------------ 1. Connect / Disconnect 2. IP Scanner 3. IP Address book 4. Get Computer Name 5. Get User Name 6. Get Windows and System Folder Names 7. Get Computer Company 8. Get Windows Version 9. Get Windows Platform 10. Get Current Resolution 11. Get DirectX Version 12. Get Current Bytes per Pixel settings 13. Get CPU Vendor 14. Get CPU Speed 15. Get Hard Drive Size 16. Get Hard Drive Free Space 17. Change Server Port 18. Set Server Password 19. Update Server 20. Close Server 21. Remove Server 22. ICQ Pager Connection Notify 23.

Catherine Beecher essays

Catherine Beecher essays Until the 1830s, the womens role in society was not what it should have been. Men still ran the household with complete power over the family. Men owned every personal property of the family including their wives personal property, their personal property, and anything obtained or produced by any other family member. Even the right to choose ones husband was still held by the father. Overall, housework and marriage life was the central existence for women. Not until 1835, when Arkansas passed the first married womens property laws, did the idea of a women living on their own terms come about. By 1860 a total of 17 states had passed such laws setting the basis for a womens time to shine. These laws said that a woman, married, single, or widowed, could hold personal property, inherit property, and write a will as well. Even divorce laws were coming to age, but divorce was still seen as an uncommon thing. As the industrial society grew, the man of the house held jobs outside of the hom e and women stepped to the front of the family. In Beechers document she explains that women should take part in, and understand, the Democratic institutions of the nation. She says it is no longer time for women to stand in the background, but it is time for women to hold a place in their Democratic society, and they did. Poor, widowed, and free-black women made up the chunk of workers trying to support themselves, but they made such lousy wages they were stuck in the life of poverty. Some women left their homes at the extremely young age of 12 to work and support themselves. The jobs these women usually held were domestic. They did as they would in their own household, but sold those services to others in need of it at their home. For the rest of the women remaining in their household raising their children was their full-time job now. Since the country was more urban in this time, the work of farming was los...

Cpca comunication phenomenon and concept or artifact Term Paper - 2

Cpca comunication phenomenon and concept or artifact - Term Paper Example The functional theory of communication supplies the terms of understanding the content of communication within the concept of CPCA. It is important to consider the fact that communication involves the arranging or organizing of information in patterns that promote certain meanings and concepts. A range of technical strategies is often brought into play to enhance the impact of communication on the specific details of the central ideas. Essentially, images can be used to provide clarity and meaning as understood together with the terms supplied by CPCA. Meanings can be altered, expanded, or rearranged to suit particular contexts or interests. The understanding of the concepts of communication usually entails the application of various factors that combine to form specific ideas and notions about reality and the external physical world (Holmes 61). The value of CPCA lies in the use of various techniques and strategies to negotiate the delicate distance between a phenomenon and the understanding as shaped in the mind of the audience or viewer. Objects have literal and symbolic meanings. Their usage in the aspect of communication has often been used to supplement or compliment conventional forms of meaning. In other cases, the objects have often been used to represent reality in ways that enhance meaning and increase the aspect of memorability. For instance, a phenomenon of tragedy entails the application of various cinematographic techniques that help the viewers to adjust appropriately to the content. The use of light and sound remains a key skill that enables effective handling of content and meaning. Meaning is negotiated through sights and sounds and only clarified by textual analysis in a manner that expounds on the visual and the auditory (Holmes 102). Generally, the choice of images and other forms of techniques used in the media must carry certain symbolic characteristics that match with the hidden meaning. Caution must be taken to avoid the possibility of

Media summary and analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media summary and analysis - Assignment Example It has done great saving for laundry business. With this technology, they not only purify and recycle water but have also saved electricity and use of detergent. The company is expanding with their new projects like a new project with nursing home. They have raised steady revenue in their business till then. OT’s value in market is constantly increasing because of its effective, natural friendly and affordable price. Moreover their business type has many positives points which have given them great success. Getting an Ozone generator will help nursing school and other customers in saving electricity and in future will help them more with the growing rates of electricity. Many institutes and organizations are run by Australian government which is non-profit in nature. The technology and business type OT can increase their business; if they make government-running organizations their client. The key features that are growing OT’s business are that it has cheap installment, is environmental friendly, is safe, and consumes less electricity. These are the core-demonstrated abilities of company OT, which is increasing their business and profit. The main reason over which the business OT is running and expanding is its benefits. Its cheap installment, environmental friendly, safe, and less consumption of electricity are the benefits, which can get from them. Their target market is organizations that are looking for a safe investment. And want their system to last long without any issues and repair. The company OT, which makes and install ozone generators, started their project for commercial laundry machines; and with them, they have gained good profit. Moreover commercial laundry system has also got many benefits after installing ozone generators. Now when OT is expanding their business; they aim to target government-running organizations like nursing house etc. Ozone generator is a successful technology in

The Human Genome Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Human Genome Project - Essay Example As the reported given by the US Department of Energy said "The ultimate goal of this initiative is to understand the human genome" and "Knowledge of the human genome is as necessary to the continuing progress of medicine and other health sciences as knowledge of human anatomy has been for the present state of medicine." Officially, the project was founded in 1990 by the US Department of Energy and the US National institute of Health. It was estimated that the project would take 15 years, but advances in sequencing technology led to a faster completion of the project, the project being completed 2 years earlier that estimated, in 2003. Ari Patrinos, who is the head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, led the Human genome project that was initiated by the US Department of Energy. However, in the US, the Department of Energy was not the only institution that explored the human genome. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) also gave an effort in determining the huma n genome. From 1988 to 1992 the head of the National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR), which was a part of NIH was James Watson, who in April 1993 was replaced with Francis Collins, due to issue of patenting genes. The NCHGR) was also renamed in 1997 into National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). ... At any given time, the Human Genome Project funded about 200 separate principal investigators. There were also many private research companies that conducted genome research. The most famous privetly owned company that was involved in the Human genome project was the company owned by Craig Venter and his company Celera Genomics, which gave considerable improvement to the project. It must be mentioned that this was also an international effort. There were at least 18 countries who had human genome research programs. Some of the larger programs are in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, European Union, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. Some developing countries also participated in the project, mainly by studying sequencing techniques for genome research. The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) coordinated this international effort. The estimated finances that were allocated to the Human genome project are around $ 3 billion. These not include the privately funded organizations and companies, but only the government projects. Celera Genomic states that around $ 300 million dollars were spend for the project, which was much less than the government-funded project. There were several main goals of the Human Genome project. The goals did not include only identifying the 3 billion nucleotides located in the DNA and to the discover 25 000 genes located there, but also to: Store this information in databases, Improve tools for data analysis, Transfer related technologies to the private sector, and Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. Due to the massive funding, interest and international effort as well

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay Kim is a fine artistic creation written by Rudyard Kipling. It has a strong impact on the readers mind that gives a strong sense of spirit for adventurous journey, whereby the two main characters are on the way for searching their respective goals. Kim wants to find his fortune where as Tahsoo Lama wants to discover a certain river of arrow. All the characters in the novel, are part of Great Game. For Mahbub Ali, Hari Babu, Creighton Sahib it means a spy game, a political one i.e. a part of British imperial system. For Tashoo Lama it is a wheel of life, wheel of things in its spiritual and philosophical meanings. For Kim it is a fulfillment of his personal curious desire and nature. Throughout the novel Kim faces a problem of his identity. The problem arises due to his identification with different identities, cultures and ideologies. We are informed that he is a white born orphan who wears some charmings in his neck which are his only heritage to prove him British. His indigenious characteristics place him with Indians. He is brought up in Lahore by a poor half-caste Hindu woman. Our point of study here is to see to what extent he is an Indian? Kipling is determined him to be a white, a British. In the very first page of the novel he says : Though he was burned black as any native; though he spoke the vernacular by preference and his mother tongue in a clipped uncertain sing-song, though he consorted on terms of perfect equality with the small boys of the bazaar; Kim was white a poor white of the very poorest.[Chap.-1] Thus in this way he has denounced absolutely all the cultural and social elements which make a man and give him identity. To prove him British, is to isolate him. The birth and the parents do not create the identity only. It is designed by society and culture, and his interactions in it. Most necessarily Kipling introduces Kim with Indianness, Indian objects, Indian ideas, and thinking. He is grown up in the society of Lahore city. He lives the wild life of Arabian Nights and he is able to see the beauty of it. He discards English style of remaining alienated from commonness. It is his nativity which separates him from his ancestors. Kims society includes Abdullah, Mahbub Ali, the Muslims; Chote Lal, the Hindu; the fakirs; the small boy of bazaar; the native policeman; water carrier; Jawahir Singh the carpenter. He is not different from all these members of Lahore city society. He is looked after by a half-caste Hindu woman who wished that he should wear the European garments but Kim found it easier to slip into Hindu or Mohammedan garb[Chap.-1] In company of his native friends he is at ease. He knows their language and all castes. It is his society in which he grows up learning the very native knowledge of it. Often natives are defined with their characteristics like simplicity, down to earth, knowledge which comes out of every day practical life, curiosity, excitement, innocence. Kim has all these qualities. He is very curious to know about the new things. He behaves in native manner and the wisdom he shows is more Indian. He quotes the proverbs which maintains deep understanding, knowledge and life long experience. If we consider Kim a monolithic character he is less Indian than British. But he is not a universal white man because he hates missionaries, he prefers vernacular and he is always able to attain sympathy from others. He hates going school where the classrooms are gloomy for him. He lives his life among street boys begging for food, which he can surely attain accepting the white society. He wants to live a free life as do the Indians, so he remains away from missionaries or any white person who can take possession over him, in order not to indulge in unadventurous life of routine and seriousness. He is born white Christian and he is well conscious of it but it bothers him to enter again in white society. He entertains his life with Indians without any limitation. He is happy in living with them and treats them equal to him though his nature is to take over anybody is only due to his highly experienced and open-minded out spoken personality. Contrary to it,the Britishers know nothing of India. He has adventures there and every secret activity attracts him. So he is shown always interested in moving in streets in dark, climbing high on the roof of houses to explore somewhat of his interest. The darkness and his colour black both are associated with the Indians by the Britishers in context of India.He knows Indian sensibility because he has lived with them.His alliance with Mahbub Ali started only with his need of food and his curious nature leads him to new experiences. He has nothing to do with Britishers and with their game. He is appears as a secular personality. He says to Mahbub Ali that he is neither Muslim nor he is Hindu even he does not say that he is chrisitan. He may criticize a Lama or a Hindu but he never claims his views about religion. When he is introduced to Catholicism he sees it a new set of Gods and Godlings [Chap.-7].Even the idea of being a Sahib or a White vexes him.He says to Lama-Thou hast said there is neither black nor white.Why plague me with this talk?'[Chap.-15]. He is alien to a British and has framed himself in Indian style. Indianness has ripen in him and if we want too see Britishness in him we can see only reflections of it. He gives the characters but more the readers to feel at home in their native environment. His wisdom is common with the priests in village who take possession of the minds of all villagers. He is confined to India. If he would have another identity or from another place this could not have happened. There would be some connections from outside. He is responding to both Indians as well as English in a way which may suit them but he takes no responsibility of it. Typically he belongs to the class of people in India who had firm faith in appropriateness of British rule over India, whose ideas are inspired by west but actions limited to their own cultural environment The relationship between Lama and Kim is also a typical Indian relation between Guru and Shishya.He is a chela, not a disciple of Lama. Kim insists on his being chela. He says to Lama I am your chela. Am I not?Am I not your chela? Kiplings use of words contextualize him in certain periphery. The symbolicism also suggests the Indianness in Kim. How can a man follow the way or the great game when he is so always pestered by women?, he says. The way or the great game symbolize the sacred path to reach the ultimate truth. The words cannot be taken only for spy game. Kipling says that Kim thought in the vernacular on this occasion.And this is possible only by his relation with Lama and his Indian roots, which made him able to think spiritually. He loves the country. Mahbub asks him And who are thy people friend of all the world? Kim replies This great and beautiful land. The orality of characters and speeches connects the story, the character and even the author to the land upon which it does perform itself. The proverbs must come out from that specific place to which the user belong and its user must have also the wide sense and understanding for using it. It is not a days work and he who knows it and uses is more of that place than other. Kim uses the proverbs and language splendidly. The significant thing is that the proverbs, have their particular tone and sense that they are not found in another languages. They are more Indian than any other things in the novel can be. The colloquial speeches also gives it an Indian colour. Orality and meaning of dialogue both are performative and context bound, and moves away from European styles and influences. These are situated outside the European or English perfiery. It has its own Indian social space. Language which is given to Kim by Kipling is Indian in meaning and context. The language of English priests, Lurgan Sahib and Creighton sahib is different from that of Kim. Kims language is hybridization of English, Hindi and Urdu. There we can clearly see the dominance of pure English over the English mixed with vernacular hence two different levels are created and Kim is attributed lower one i.e. more identified with Indians, specially at that time. The language teaches about ones status and identity. English priests sends him for learning English means that so far he is not an English. He has learned and accepted Indian culture and values. His acception of guru-chela relationship with Lama and his treatment of a sick boy at Banaras are the best example of it. He thinks in Hindi (Hindustani), in the tongue he knows best as the writer says[Chap.6]. It means that primarily he is Hindustani than it does not matter what other language he speaks.His use of Urdu and Hindi language maintains Indianness in him. He is a local legend. If Kim can use aurhoritative language then it does not mean that he is Britisher because it can be practiced by any other Indian also. Being a part of Great Game also does not identify him with Creighton or Lurgam Sahib. If it is the case then what you will say about Hari Babu who is a part of Great Game and speaks English Kim has split consciousness of being both an Indian and a British. His frequent desire for companionship of Lama and the road, his disinterestedness in being a Sahib, and going to school are the strong example of his re-assertion of native cultural identity. His identity can be constructed only in according to his socio-political economic binaries under in which he lived. Kims blackness is first point which separates him from Britishers. Socially he is a part of Indian world. Kim in his early childhood is given to a full grown manliness. Perhaps it will not be wrong to say that he seems to be character of authors imagination, not from the real world. But, what the reality is, that he is offspring of Indian soil. He is moulded in Indian form. He is formed by Indian society and culture not by English. He inherited his body from white parents but it is laid upon circumstances what will happen to his body in future. He enjoys his position well in his society but he is also a person who looks for future. His father had prophesized for his future and he sets himself to go for the search of his future. He is a native hero who is on his mission for making a better life. So he, joins the Madrissah though it is not of his test. There he will be a Sahib but to be a Sahib is not his dream. He thinks that after his schooling he will be more able to play his adventures. Being left by Hari at Rani Sahibas house he feels that he is out of game, the game of adventure. He cant bear it and leaves the house. He knows his birth and in playing games he uses this white racial birth in a political use. It is only a impression on native Indians but he presents himself in his native garbs so to not differentiate with them. His continuous search to find an answer of who is Kim? at last results in humanistic approach that he is only a Kim not a Sahib or a English imperialist one. He is self-centered Indian in his pursuit of joy and adventurous life. Creighton, Burton and Bennett are the part of White world. They cannot part themselves from it. Only after confirmation of Kims white origin they are ready to adopt him. The evidences of this white origin are only his fathers clearance certificate and a note.If Kim had not these proofs he had to remain only an ordinary Indian. Then his colour black, vernacular tongue, his habits, his outward presentation would construct his identity. Thus, language and culture supersedes over race and ethnicity. From Lama he learns myths of Buddha and makes it own objective to search for river. -Oah it was made by our lord Buddha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I am his disciple and we must find that riverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is so veree valuable to us.[Chap-5] His joys are the broad land and fields he felt,were a cog-wheel unconnected with any machinery.But I shall argue that he is not an absolute Indian.He knows his British origin but frequently he neglects to be a British.He is conscious of his high birth and goes with Lama only for his own search for red bull. He shows his European egoism, tries to take over everybody. To his native friends, also to Britishers he is a White and superior to all other Indians. Kim hates them Bennett thinks that once a Sahib is always a Sahib; but he avoids Sahibs and Madrissah. To him, for a moment, he may be Sahib but no longer he wants to remain a Sahib. He has crossed all the whites who want war, rule etc. and thinks them fools and wants to see new things. Lama says But no white man knows the land and the customs of the land as thou knowest. Writer seems to make him an Indian without loosing any Whiteness / Britishness in him. There is a White boy by the barracks waiting under a tree who is not a White boyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. He is not like other boys'[Chap-6]. It is the Madrissah where his one identity replaces another. By teaching and learning identities are created. It is Madrissah where a second type of learning starts. Kim says In Madrissah I will learn. In Madrissah I will be a Sahib. In Madrissah for the rest of the day Kim found himself an object of distinguished consideration among a few hundred white men.[Chap-6] Madrissaha becomes the distinguishing point. Mahbub and Creighton Sahib fears that being long in madrissah he can loose his original personality. It is madrissah where the process of making him a Sahib starts. After his discovery of red bull and confrontation with officers he still, is not ready to accept himself a Sahib. He writes to Mahbub Ali By means of charm about my neck. It was established that I was the son of some Sahib in regiment.[Chap-6] A priest gave me a new name and clothed meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Later he says to himself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and I am a Sahib. No I am Kim. This is great world and I am only Kim. Who is Kim?[Chap-6] Here Kim seems to establish his identity beyond the Sahib/White world. He knows the world is great. He asserts himself Kim of any place. He is the man of all the world who does not create distances and differences. After all he can not be said as a whole (full) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Indian nor he can be a English because his parents were Irish and author gives stress upon his Irishness when he says his mother has been Irish too. He is a great synthesis of the East and the West. British and India.He comes out from madrissah in form of British agent. He can no longer remain an Indian. He becomes a hybrid of heterogenigenious elements, Indian and English, high and low. The hybridity and heterogentiy glitters but further it can produce nothing. Kim also leaves us in state of puzzlement. He does not give any idea to whither he moves. He himself can not solve himself that who is Kim? He leaves Rani Sahibas house in meditation. The words struck to his ear I am Kim. I am Kim. But what is Kim? He cant find answer. Kipling also tries for a solution but he fails with his words Roads were meant to be walked upon, houses to be lived in, cattles to be driven fields to be tilled and men and women to be talked.[Chap-15]

The Existence Of God Essay -- essays research papers

The Existence of God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The existence of a God has for generations been the topic of fierce debate. This most usually occurring between members of the religious society and, everybody else. As a matter of fact the religious world itself has not always been able to agree on God. This has resulted in many a holy man to take up the fight for his deity through the realm of words. Many theories have been proposed, and all think that theirs proves beyond a doubt on whether or not God exists. To write this paper I read four of those theories by assorted men of the cloth, who all attempt to make the argument for a God in the Christian sense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first of the theories I looked at was that of St.Anslem of Canterbury. He supplies the ontological argument for the existence of God. The ontological argument states that by understanding the nature of God himself, we come to realize he exists. He explains this argument by first defining what God is. Anslem says that God is a being than which nothing greater can be conceived to exist, that it can not even be considered not to exist. In short, the fact that said being can not be considered not to exist, would thereby make it greater than any that could be considered not to exist. This would in all reality be the secret to God's omnipotence in Anlsem's eyes. Another point that he stresses is that just be understanding the concept of what a God is, you are proving his existence. This is because if you understand who God is, you can also accept his existence, and therefore cannot conceive that he does not exist. Therefore making him that which nothing greater can be conceived of, and which cannot be conceived not to exist which we have already defined as God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second argument for a God comes from St. Tomas Aquinas, who argues for the cosmological point of view. The cosmological argument states that all things in this universe have a cause, and since these causes cannot go on for ever there must be a first cause, i.e. God. He argues that there are five ways to argue for the existence of God, the first is the argument from motion. This states that everything in this world has certain potentials for motion. It also states that for these potentials to be met another object n motion must set off said potential. That object in turn would have ... ...ad and the point would be moot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So by looking at these paths Pascal decided to look at the risks of each wager. In the first you get infinite rewards from only one life of believing. Plus he felt that you also probably had a fulfilling and enjoyable life too. So the first, can be looked at as a win win situation in which you risked very little, and won much. The second and fourth possibilities did not really concern Pascal much because by thinking of it in terms of odds, neither seemed probable, and again wouldn't matter anyhow because you would no longer exist. The third possibility however, in which you could end up in hell, seemed to help persuade Pascal into believing in a God. He felt that for the amount you had to lose in this situation, no intelligent human would take the risk. So in conclusion, Pascal came to believe that believing in a God was a safe bet, in that it had the least risk with the highest returns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for myself, after reading these papers I find myself tending to side with Pascal the most. I don't think that a little insurance could hurt, because until there is proof otherwise none of us really know.

Political Dynasty

Political Dynasty in the Philippines Political dynasty is very prevalent in our country for a long time now. The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article II, Section 26 states â€Å"The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law†. The provision provides for the prohibition of political dynasty but it did not give a clear definition of what political dynasty is, instead it left this task to the Congress. Many arguments had already been presented as whether to ban political dynasty or not.These are some arguments supporting the prohibition of political dynasties: promote political and personal interests; promote nepotism, favoritism and corruption; political clans are motivated by the preservation of wealth rather than the implementation of basic political ideologies; formation of political kingdoms inhibits democracy in the country; elections have become mere formalities rather that idle legal pr ocesses; dynasties are reflections of the prevailing socio-economic inequalities in the nation; the existence of political clans prohibits economically- disadvantaged but efficient candidates; basis for qualifications of public officials are distorted; and people come to accept the existing succession of political clans as a tradition. For the counter arguments: dynasties make up an effective collaboration promoting good governance and there is an increased devolution of power over the localities which empower them. As seen with the arguments, it is clear that the disadvantages of political dynasty outweigh its advantages. But with the present composition of our government, enacting a law that will prohibit this cannot immediately be done. Thus, it rest in the hands of the voters to choose who will lead and rule our country, and whether to let this political dynasties remain or finally end.

England Labor Report 1800s essays

England Labor Report 1800s essays Our country is in a very diabolical state. We are going through a Jurassic change. We are moving along the roads of improvement along with falling down hill in some areas. Our industries are heightening but one thing we haven't come to mind about is the workers and there conditions. We shield our selves from what the workers go through. On may take a step into a factory and truly realize the horror. They see the face of suffering and pain. People are treated like dirt. They work for unlimited hours in an environment to what seems like a mud pit. The puddles of green water and the muddy uncovered floors, along with the cramping space is a true suffering. Working all day long in what seems to be the vast out limits of hell. The harsh conditions in the many industrial towns of England need to be fixed. The overall poverty level has heightened as well as the death rate for persons under 50. Many have come to investigate these poor conditions and yet nothing has been done to stop them, or improve them. Most industrious city's have relied on the poor to do the dirty work. This is totally based upon the working conditions in the many factories located all across towns in England. The factories are so dirty and unclean, it's like a pig sty. You would think that that the people inside the factories threw dirt around all day long. The dirt and unclean conditions have effected the health of many. In such harsh conditions how is one suppose to work? Not only is the condition of the factories effecting the workers health, the lack of food and water is also. Workers have to get through the day with getting little or possibly no food, and many of the workers had to eat the food and work at the same time. The food would then get all dirty, thus causing more health problems. The drinking water was found to be contaminated with dangerous bacteria's and several diseases. All these queries have a multitude of evidence to support it. These are only so...

Representations of the Mixed Race Essays

Representations of the Mixed Race Essays Representations of the Mixed Race Essay Representations of the Mixed Race Essay Name: Course: Tutor: Date: Representations of the Mixed Race The issue of race has been reviewed by many as far as the society is concerned. This is more so where more than one race is in existence especially in the American (United States), Asian and the European countries. Mulattos, who are an outcome of mixed races, have been a point of interest for many decades. The book American Son by Brian Roley and the essay How to Rehabilitate a Mulatto: the Iconography of Tiger Woods by Hiram Perez have depicted the mixed race issue from the offspring born in the United States. From the literal works, the Asian American regional/historical context matters, contentious, and race as a social construct have been depicted. In the novel American Son, Brian Roley tells the story of two brothers who are half Filipino and half American, the mother being from Philippines and the father being from America. Gabe, the narrator in the novel, is an adolescent and the younger of the two brothers who is timid, observant, shy and obedient, suffocating under his older brother’s indifference towards him and his mother’s high expectations of him even though he is going through an identity crisis. On the other hand, Tomas, the elder of the two brothers is arrogant, indifferent to his brothers, disobedient to his mother, a high school drop out, likes to wear Mexican clothes although he runs a legal business of rearing dogs and selling them to the Hollywood celebrities. The novel, divided into three sections, takes the reader through the many challenges the narrator goes through before accepting his identity as a Mulatto. Hiram Perez’s essay is more focused on Tiger Woods who is referred to as a Cablinasia since he as the origin of a Caucasian, African American (black), American India (native) and an Asia (Thai and Chinese). The author argues that, â€Å"the celebrity of a figure such as Tiger Woods functions to rehabilitate the mulatto in order to announce the arrival of a new color-blind era in the U.S history,† (Dave 223). In the essay, Perez, analyses the ways in which the celebrity has been used to advocate a color-blind America. One example given is his advertisement on the Nike products. Since Woods has conquered a sport that was considered to belong to the Caucasians, many children from diverse races are spotted saying that they are Tiger Woods in one particular advertisement. The controversies associated with the existence of the racial mixture of American Asians have taken a different turn. The two works bring forth diversity in the perception of these group people. In most cases, the Asians come to the United States in order to experience the American Dream. They come to the United States to get a better life for themselves. While others view them as intruders waiting to take away the small opportunities available, others view them as disadvantaged who have come to seek refuge in America. These controversies have led to the various depictions of this race. For example, Ika, Tomas and Gabe’s mother, works two jobs that are not well paying in a district (Venice) in California that was once neglected in the 1950s. On the other hand, Perez shows that the children from the diverse races, which include Asia, have backgrounds that look like they are urban poor backgrounds. In most cases, one is not considered as a true American even though he/she might be legally so, as long as he has an origin of one of the other races apart from being a Caucasian. This has led to the mulattos’s own hate of themselves and families. In the novel, Gabe admits that he did not like her mother picking him from schools. He further gives a description of how short and dark she was especially when she wore the giant purple glasses that seemed trendy on everybody else apart from her mother since the glasses did not go well with her brown skin (Roley 30). As earlier noted the poor jobs and the slums seemed to belong to the African Americans, the Mexican Americans, the Asian Americans and every other race considered not American. This regional/historical perception is also depicted by Tomas rebellion of his race. He chose to dress like a Mexican yet he was not one. This part of the novel depicts that he was ashamed of who he was. Similarly, Roley depicts Gabe as one who is afraid to glance at the rear mirror during his encounter with the truck driver. This shows that he was ashamed of looking at his reflection, which was a reflection of an Asian identity. In both cases, historical and regional perceptions of the Asian Americans brought social trauma on these boys thus their rejection of their own identity. Tomas has a dog selling business even though he is a high-school dropout. He rears ordinary dogs, trains them to attack and then sells them Hollywood celebrities. Even though their only evidence of their ability to attack was the fact that they attacked some children, they are sold for thousand of dollars, which is overrated. Tomas gives them German names such as Heinrich and Greta so that they are perceived to be from Germany, yet they are as ordinary as they can be. Naming the dogs German names instead of giving them Asian names shows the power of a race. The dogs are more marketable when given German names than when given Asian names. The Asian were not highly regarded. Perez’s essay brings forth another concept of the American Asia perception, this being in the race context. Perez states that Oprah Winfrey called Tiger Woods â€Å"America’s son† (226). This showed that Tiger Woods is a representation of the diverse races in the United States. He represents the color-blindness in the United States today. He cannot be called an Asian, Native American or an African American, but rather he is a representation of all and he has won a place in a sport that was dominated by one race. Gabe’s encounter with the truck driver also acts as a revelation to the reader and the society in general. The truck driver was not conscious of Gabe’s Filipino origin. He further states that he might have not been an Asian at all. This made Gabe find a place and comfort in the driver’s presence. In other words, the driver showed that there was no major significance in someone’s race. It aided Gabe in his final path of accepting his identity during the last section of the book. Both literal works have brought forth similarities and diversity in the characters. Gabe’s family struggles with self-identity. Ika’s brother is angry with Ika because she refused to go back to her country. She chose to suffer the life imposed by the Americans on the Asians, yet there is a shinier easier life in Philippines. Gabe is avoids looking at the rear mirror in order to avoid looking at his reflection and he is ashamed of his own mother even though she is obedient and respectful to her. Tomas reactions to his brother and his family are an outward depiction of his internal conflicts. He dresses like a Mexican even though there are American and Asian clothing available. Perez’s essay is a contrast of the novel. It shows hopes for the American Asians. The color-blindness adopted by the Americans shows that they are interested in the character rather than the color. The author shows that Wood’s dominance in the golf sport depicts hopes for all races thus the children’s advertisement. His (Woods) mother’s interest in education and his father’s interest in sport shaped Woods greatly. The mulatto’s will acquire their own identity if they choose to look themselves deeper than being American Asians. Works cited Perez, Hiram. â€Å"How to rehabilitate a Mulatto: The Iconography of Tiger Woods†. East Main Street: Asian American Popular Culture, Ed. By Shilpa Dave, Leilani Nishime Tasha G. Oren. New York, NY: New York University Press, 2005. Print. Roley, Brian Ascalon. American Son. New York, NY: WW Norton, 2002. Print.

The Syntel Success Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Syntel Success - Case Study Example It makes continuous efforts to reap the benefits of new delivery models. Their objective is equally stressed upon in every single Syntel branches in the US as well as in offshore locations. Collaborative environments, excellent use of technologies in business intelligence and warehousing of data, skilled workforce, the strong network of sales and marketing has contributed to success quotient of Syntel for years in international markets. But Syntel could have been far more successful if it had not depended so much on North America for labor arbitrages and vendors. Moreover, in recent times, Syntel has focused more on specific groups or pockets of customers, which is not a wise decision keeping in mind the level of competition in present times. The success of Syntel is due to its development and expansion in IT and healthcare industries as well as worldwide IT- spending. The cultural outlook of US has further helped in the expansion of Syntel. The economic system of Syntel supports an integrated research environment. Besides being one the most developed countries US is also one of the leading countries which have strong IT systems. Thus, being an organization of US, Syntel was blessed with an added advantage over its other competitors across the world. Syntel gets full support of good infrastructure that is used in all parts of US. Its partners include Microsoft, Numerix, SAP, TriZetto, and Global Analytics. Its clients include Pharmaceutical Organizations like CRO, CMO, etc. Syntel is known for providing quality service to more than 2000 customers across the globe on a daily basis. To satisfy its customers, it makes use of latest innovations and technologies which are provided distinctness by experts and professionals of S yntel. What has made Syntel a success, is its comparatively flexible and custom-made procedure of IT and KPO.  

Malcolm X Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Malcolm X - Research Paper Example He was a son of two active black nationalists who followed the teachings of Marcus Garvey, the most influential pan-Africanist of the early twentieth century. Malcolm was placed in an Ingam County juvenile in Mason, Michigan. He worked hard and was obtaining good results in school. Seeing this made his half sister Ella proud when she came to visit him. Though many people of his time believed that Malcolm X and his followers were only spreading hate across the nation, his speeches accomplished a lot more than that. Because of him, black people in North America are now shown more respect by people of the white race who were once their oppressors. To the eyes of many, this was not real freedom. Malcolm X was fighting to change this sad reality and win the respect of people for all black people nationwide. Demonstrating this fact, after his death, affirmative action became a part of a larger design by Pres. Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty program to benefit the minorities of the society who were not given the opportunity to seek formal education and denied equal job opportunities as the white population. (Haley, 1964) The debate on this issue is still going on today. These facts prove that black people are finally being accepted for who they are in the society they live in and shown the respect they deserve. A formal apology has not yet been witnessed but the fact that it is being discussed alone still demonstrates that whites are finally recognizing blacks as human beings no inferior than whites and deserve equal respect to whites. The black people were the same ones who once accepted white supremacy and believed themselves to be inferior. They were unqualified and, as human beings, did not recognize their rights like most black people of that time. (Perry, 1991) They endured police aggressions and harassments. Newton, who was familiar with the law, guided his people into a militant resistance whose purpose was to defend its community and would not attack unless a ttacked. Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr The Civil War was only the beginning of a Civil Rights Movement that would last a century. Malcolm X, like Martin Luther King Jr., Marcus Garvey and many more, was part of this movement. These people fought for freedom of black people and created awareness of the negative effects of racial discrimination. Proof of this is the fact that the American government feels ashamed for the past events, which is the reason why details of shameful events like slavery, hate crimes and assassinations of various black leaders are never disclosed for the people to learn more about. Slavery, for example, is a part of its history that the government constantly tries to keep hidden. Malcolm X was assassinated on February 21, 1965 at 3:10 P.M. Many people believe that the FBI might have killed him. Whether or not he was killed by the FBI or by the NOI, the information would still be disclosed. The existence of Malcolm X was therefore vital to the American l ifestyle because he was a bold man who was not afraid to speak his mind and by doing so he created consciousness of the harm that racial discrimination caused in humanity. (Goldman, 1979) Malcolm X as an Activist Malcolm X was an activist whose legacy will continue to live on for years to come. Along with other Civil Rights Movement leaders he influenced the way of life in America and today, evidence of this is seen during the month of February which

Teenage pregnancy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teenage pregnancy - Term Paper Example According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States government could save $9 billion dollars annually if teenage pregnancy were prevented. As a result of increasing cases of teenage pregnancy, most of the funds are spent primarily in foster care, health care, and incarceration costs. Teenage pregnancy is a matter of concern in the State of Mississippi, which is among the top five states with the highest number of teenage pregnancies (Klemas et al., 2009). The majority of teenagers who were pregnant are those of non-Hispanic origin. In a survey study conducted in 2006, Mississippi was the leading in teenage pregnancies amongst the 50 states (Klemas et al., 2009). Additionally, Mississippi was the leading with teen births all over the country and it has led to a loss to the State government of Mississippi due to heavy spending on various programs aimed at addressing the challenges (Klemas et al., 2009). From the above discussion, teenage pregnancy is a topic o f concern in the American society. It has attracted the attention of all the stakeholders including the health, government, and nongovernmental organizations. Additionally, the government has spent considerable millions of dollars derived from the public funds to finance the health care and other incarnations related to teenage pregnancy (Klemas et al., 2009). Teenage pregnancy affects everybody, and its a duty of everyone to rally support to stop the issue. The most important solution to the problem includes the government use of resources to offer education to the targeted group and the use of media to educate and inform on the consequences of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy can stop if the government increases awareness amongst the targeted group through the use of its resources to campaign against the vice. Many of the teenage pregnancies are unplanned for and mostly occur due to poverty and lack of

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay When we think of someone who is well-educated, we typically think of doctors, lawyers and people in those categories. This does not always means a person has to have a fancy degree or title behind their name to be well-educated. Being well-educated can come in many different ways. So what does it mean to be well-educated? In this essay, I will give some examples as to what I feel well-educated means to me, other than having a degree. As I read thru the article by Alfie Kohn about principle leadership on what does it mean to be well-educated; I became very intrigued. Over my 21 years with the US Army, I have had several officers over me who have their degree but still not educated on life in the military. Yes, they went to college and got educated in the books, but when it comes to military life or combat, it’s still a lot to be educated on. There were times when an officer came to me for advice or what to do because he knew I had many years of experience on the job which therefore made me more educated than he. It’s no different from when I first enlisted in the military; there were people over me I had to go to because I wasn’t educated in the job. In Alfie Kohn’s article, he stated â€Å"my wife has a doctoral degree from Harvard but if you ask her what 8 times 7 is, she would freeze up. † The same concept applies with some officers I worked under in my military career. You could go to them about a lot things, and they could give you answer without thinking but it could be something as simple as putting up a frame tent and they wouldn’t have a clue. But if you take a person that has set up a frame tent several times without any hesitation and not ask the question, â€Å"how? † I consider this person well-educated because he has done this task many times. I do believe a person becomes well-educated with time and practice. Just because you go to college and graduated doesn’t necessarily mean you well-educated on the job. For me, being well-educated can mean different things for different people. For instance, take my dad. My dad is 65 years old and retired from his job for as long as I can remember a mechanic. After his retirement, my dad sits in his chair and watches cartoons, old television shows and westerns and tells me stories of his past. My dad never even finished high school but I do consider him to be a well-educated man because of things he has taught me and the way he raised me. My father never had much growing up, so he had to work in the fields and didn’t have much opportunity for education. He had to start work at a very young age as a mechanic once he turn 16; a job he done till he retired at age of 62. By those many years in one profession; even though he doesn’t have a high school diploma nor college degree, I still consider him a well-educated man from his years of experience. You may be able to walk up to my dad and ask him an algebra problem but if you ask him anything dealing with mechanical on a car, there would be no problem. He didn’t have and school education, but he knew how to count and manage his earnings. He also married my mom when he was 18 and done a really good job of raising three kids. I remember growing up and watching my father work on people car out in the yard and I use to wonder what he was doing? I didn’t have a clue of what he was doing but I know the person he whose car he was working on was very satisfied after he was done. He taught me how to be a man and what mistakes not to make from his mistakes. I know he wasn’t good with math but he could really save money and make his money work for us. One thing I never forgot he said, â€Å"always put some money away from every check for that rainy day. † Once I got my first job, I have always done just that; even still to this day. He also taught me the responsibility to always take care of your family first before anything else. It didn’t quite understand then what he was referring to then, but as I got older, I knew he was just educating me on how to be a man that takes care of his family and home. For that I consider my father to be well-educated. I believe if a person just takes the time and be patient at whatever there pursuing, he or she will become well-educated. For some, going to college and receiving a degree and be very difficult, whether is financial or just didn’t score high enough to get into college. I do believe that if we got to college and graduated with a degree, we can get better jobs and be well-educated in the books but maybe not hands on in the field of their choosing. I know once I graduated from high school, going to college was the last thing on my mind and joining the military was always my desire. I’ve always felt like school just wasn’t for me because I had hard time maintaining grades and learning the books. I have always been more of hands on person more than school. I do consider myself well-educated because I spent 21 years in the military and have accomplished all tasks set before me with high standards. In conclusion, I believe that a person doesn’t necessarily have to go to college and get a degree to be considered well-educated. We as people can determine who we feel is well-educated by knowledge and experience as well as schooling; whether it be at junior college, university or technical college. So what does it mean to be well-educated is a question that can be argued for years to come.

The Root Causes Of Terrorism

The Root Causes Of Terrorism Few events in history shape the way societies react to future anomalies, one such being, the attack on the Twin Towers in 2001.With this event followed a flurry of discussions on Terrorism in media, academia circles, and several other forums. The spill over effect was felt all across the globe in form of pre-emptive coercive military and diplomatic intervention by the super powers in states like Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan. But with rising number of losses, both human and pecuniary, suffered by the society on the whole; is this strategy of intimidation coupled with aid addressing the root cause of the problem? Terrorism is one of the gravest challenges faced by the world today. Vast monetary resources in form of military as well as developmental aid have been diverted to counter this menace. In spite of the ostentatious expenditures sustained by the world community, have we been successful so far in quelling this threat? Leaders and academicians from wide spectrum of disciplines have been advocating for addressing the root causes of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, the question looming over this entire debate is what are the root causes of Terrorism? One of the key linkages of terrorism identified by the political ranks, especially after the 9-11 attacks was, terrorism and other forms of political violence are a product of economic and socio-political factors. US-President Bush (2002) argued that there is a vicious circle of political disenfranchisement, state failure and terror, saying that because [] persistent poverty and oppression can lead to hopelessness and despair [] these failed states can become havens for terror. Similarly, then-UK Prime Minister Blair (2004) argued: [] poverty and instability leads to weak states, which can become havens for terrorists []. (Krieger and Meierrieks 2010). The remarks discussed above open a new-fangled and a broader approach to addressing the problem. Terrorism is admittedly a very complex social phenomenon. It is the outcome of a set of quantitative as well as qualitative factors, which function at various levels of causation and where some of the factors are directly observable while others are latent (Drakos and Gofas April 2006). Although terrorism is a presumably multifaceted and multi-casual phenomenon lying between the nexus of war and peace, scholarly research on the causes of terrorism has all but escaped rigorous empirical analysis (OBrien June 1996) .Nevertheless, in this contribution I attempt to identify the plausible reasons for the emergence of terrorism. The study exposits the economic, social, and political factors which are considered to be the main causes of manifestation of terrorism based on the existing literature and widely held perceptions. I explore the empirical validity of the causes of terrorism using econometric methods and seek to establish results which could be used in formulating effective counter terrorism strategies. The Dissertation is divided into 4 sections. I first discuss the theoretical foundations of my work and then in the subsequent section move on to discussing the existing literature on this issue. The main focus of Section 3 is to show if there exists a relationship (even though casual) linking terrorism with economic, social and political conditions in various regions across the globe. In order to capture this relationship I estimate a panel regression for 109 countries from 1971 to 2005. Section 4 involves a detailed discussion of the problems associated with the estimated procedures and how results could have been affected by them. Lastly I conclude by summarizing my main findings and provide recommendations based on the empirical findings using the panel regressions Theoretical Foundation There are myriad circumstances capable of giving rise to terrorism. Terrorists exist in developed as well as less developed countries; in former colonial states and in independent ones; in democratic and in non democratic states and so on. This implies that one needs to incorporate a number of diverse conditions while trying to develop an understanding of Terrorism. This makes it difficult to arrive at any form of generalisation (Lia and Skjà ¸lberg 2000). In spite of this complexity, the causes of terrorism can be broadly explained by the following approaches1 -: Psychological Societal Geopolitical The Psychological approach focuses on the individual or a group of individuals decision to become a terrorist or join the terrorist group or sympathise with the ideology. Psycho-pathological and Psycho-sociological are two important approaches that fall under the psychological approach. The former treats an individual terrorist in isolation and accepts violent behaviour as a deviant characteristic. Such an advancement has been criticized not only for divesting terrorism completely from socio-economic and political setting, but also on empirical grounds (Lia and Skjà ¸lberg 2000).Authors such as Wintrobe (2006), Frey and Luchinger (2004) while criticizing the psycho-pathological approach argue that terrorists are indeed rational beings and operate on the basis of a cost-benefit principle. The Psycho-sociological approach on the other hand relates psychological factors and the societal environment [Wilkinson, Paul 1990]. Several others, such as Crenshaw (1990), Stedman (1997) also arg ue in favour of combining psychological and environmental factors on various stratums to arrive at any comprehensive theory of the causes of terrorism. Under the above mentioned framework theories such as the relative deprivation theory [Piazza, A James (2004)], Contagion theory [Weimann and Brouiss (1988)] are the most widely used premise to explain the phenomenon of terrorism. The relative deprivation1 theory emphasizes deprivation in form of poverty, health, life expectancy and etc as major causes of terrorism. The contagion theory on the other hand considers terrorism to be duration dependant i.e. terrorism being far from random (Lia and Skjà ¸lberg 2000); There exists voluminous empirical evidence suggesting the relevance of the contagion theory1. Societal approach lays emphasis on the historical and present social, cultural, economical, political, in short overall environmental development of any given region. Under the societal approach, factors such as modernization, globalization, urbanization, economic development, state legitimacy, politics etc are assumed to be primary in explaining terrorism [Crenshaw 1990a, 1995]. Critics of the societal approach often argue that the relationship between terrorism and the factors treated under the societal approach are at best casual. Lastly the geo-political approach essentially relates to International Terrorism. This approach considers factors such as state sponsorship of terrorism, hegemony and weak and collapsed state as major causes of terrorism. Works of Volgy et al., Guelke, have pioneered in using the geo political approach to explain the phenomenon of terrorism. The opportunity cost model is one of the extensively used models in economics to analyse the causes of terrorism. In this work I use the same microeconomic opportunity cost model presented by Freytag Kruger and Schneider (2008), Anderton, Charles H; Carter, John R (2004)]. As I will show in discussions to follow, that such a treatment is indeed capable of encompassing the theories explained by the various approaches discussed above, hence making it ideal for usage in my analysis. Also, while formulating policies for counter terrorism strategies the usage of opportunity cost model assumes even a greater level of importance [Bruno S. Frey and Simon Luechinger (2003)] The traditional microeconomic framework looks at the decision making calculus and goals of an individual terrorist, as well as a group of terrorists and their sympathisers. One of the basic assumptions of this framework is that terrorist or the terrorist organizations are rational decision makers (essentially adhering to the rational choice model1) who have preferences over terrorism as well as ordinary activities [Anderton, Charles H; Carter, John R (2004)]. Incentives for an individual terrorist differ from that of the leaders who organize the terror. The opportunity costs of a leader of the terrorist organization are not measurable directly; violence for them is just a means to an end (Harrison, 2006).Thus their opportunity costs are reflected in their ability to use violence. Since the ability to use violence depends on the involved economic costs which inturn depends on the environment, hence we can conclude that the societal environment indirectly reflect the opportunity cost f acing a leader. On the contrary, for an individual terrorist, incentives could be the solidarity that the group provides or the economic rewards that the he or she may be able to reap from terrorism or otherwise .His or hers opportunity cost in fact would be directly reflected in the societal environment. How an individual decision making dilemma can have an implication for the various subgroups on the whole is as follows. For any organization to survive, it is the preferences of their recruits or the volunteers that matter the most since they are being directly affected by their own actions as against the leader. Hence by analysing the individual choice problem we are in a way capturing the choices faced by the various sub-groups on the whole. Given this I focus on an individual faced with 2 choices either to become a terrorist or consume material rewards. I assume that there exists a set of rewards (mental) that an individual can gain from committing an act of terror or sympathising with the cause. On the other hand an individual by not becoming a terrorist can reap the benefits of employing his energies in other productive activities. I represent this in the figure shown below. The decision to become a terrorist or not depends on the shape of the utility curve. A high preference for terrorism would imply greater their willingness to some material rewards to achieve an increment to mental rewards; they would have steep indifference curves in the utility space. Non-terrorists receive no utility or even disutility from terrorism, so their indifferences curves would be flat or upward sloping. The shape of the utility curve determines the strength of the substitution and the income effect. For any terrorist the utility maximization problem can be written down in the following manner: Argmax. (T, O) U (1) Subject to R = Pt T + Po O (Budget Line) 1(eyerman) (2) Where R denotes the total resources; Pt and Po denote the respective prices of terrorism1 (terrorism as a public good and its pricing) and composite good respectively; T denotes the quantity of terrorism and O denotes the quantity of composite good. In fig 1 for any individual the utility is maximized at point A. Now suppose that the GDP, democracy or education etc increase. This increases the material wealth available to the person there by increasing the opportunity cost of terrorist activities. The budget line pivots around the point D and the new budget constraint is DF with the new equilibrium level being at point C. Similarly, when opportunity cost of terrorist activities fall, the budget constraint becomes flatter (shown by DG) and this over all increases the preferences for mental rewards otherwise Terrorism. The corner solution given by point D shows the maximum level of utility that a person can achieve by committing a terrorist attack. As noted by [Kruger et al (2008)] this is the point at which an individual chooses to commit suicide bombing. Mental Rewards Source: The origins of terrorism One can also represent this choice problem using an inter-temporal budget constraint. Assuming that the terrorists have a two-period horizon and must choose between terrorist activities today (T0) and tomorrow (T1) based on resources today (R0) and tomorrow (R1), the inter-temporal budget constraint1 [Walter Enders* Todd Sandler 2002] is given by: T1 = R1 + (1+ r) (R0- T0), Where r is the interest rate. (3) In the above equation tomorrows terrorism equals tomorrows resource endowment plus the earnings on savings from the initial period. The inter-temporal budget constraint framework can be used to explain the contagion effects via effects such as the inter-temporal substitution effects. Hence any shift or a tilt in the budget line DE would either raise or lower the opportunity cost of terrorism. The changes in the budget line are due to changes in the economic, social or political factors, and other factors which fall under the various approaches discussed in the first paragraph of this section. One can also restate the above mechanism in the following way, the utility that an individual derives from being peaceful or being violent depends upon the environment that the individual functions in. This is because the opportunity costs for being violent or peaceful facing an individual depend on macro variables affecting the settings that he or she operates under. These macro variables as we have seen can be either country specific or globally universal. This essentially gives us a new equation for the utility of the form (4) Where is a vector of macro variables that affect the opportunity cost of an individual; represents the vector of coefficients which suggest the magnitude and the direction of the relationship that each macro variable shares with the utility that an individual attains from being either peaceful or violent; is the error term in the equation depicting the other factors which may effect the utility. As seen earlier, factors identified by the theories listed above such as poverty, globalization, geopolitical-setting, urbanization etc. can be used to explain the phenomenon of terrorism by using the traditional framework of opportunity cost Thus the challenge lies in identifying the key macro variables which affect the opportunity cost. But before moving on to empirically testing the relevance of the macro variables effecting terrorism, I now review the existing literature in the subsequent section. Existing Literature one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter problem (Jenkins 1982; Hoffman 1998).